Don't blame Sharia for Islamic extremism -- blame colonialism
Warning that Islamic extremists want to impose fundamentalist religious rule in American communities, right-wing lawmakers in dozens of U.S. states have tried banning Sharia, an Arabic term often understood to mean Islamic law. These political debates – which cite terrorism and political violence in the Middle East to argue that Islam is incompatible with modern society – reinforce stereotypes that the Muslim world is uncivilized. They also reflect ignorance of Sharia, which is not a strict legal code. Sharia means "path" or "way": It is a broad set of values and ethical principles drawn from the Quran – Islam's holy book – and the life of the Prophet Muhammad. As such, different people and governments may interpret Sharia differently. Still, this is not the first time that the world has tried to figure out where Sharia fits into the global order. In the 1950s and 1960s, when Great Britain, France and other European powers relinquished their colonies in the Middle East, Africa and Asia, leaders of newly sovereign Muslim-majority countries faced a decision of enormous consequence: Should they build their governments on Islamic religious values or embrace the European laws inherited from colonial rule? The big debateInvariably, my historical research shows, political leaders of these young countries chose to keep their colonial justice systems rather than impose religious law. Newly independent Sudan, Nigeria, Pakistan and Somalia, among other places, all confined the application of Sharia to marital and inheritance disputes within Muslim families, just as their colonial administrators had done. The remainder of their legal systems would continue to be based on European law. To understand why they chose this course, I researched the decision-making process in Sudan, the first sub-Saharan African country to gain independence from the British, in 1956.In the national archives and libraries of the Sudanese capital Khartoum, and in interviews with Sudanese lawyers and officials, I discovered that leading judges, politicians and intellectuals actually pushed for Sudan to become a democratic Islamic state. They envisioned a progressive legal system consistent with Islamic faith principles, one where all citizens – irrespective of religion, race or ethnicity – could practice their religious beliefs freely and openly."The People are equal like the teeth of a comb," wrote Sudan's soon-to-be Supreme Court Justice Hassan Muddathir in 1956, quoting the Prophet Muhammad, in an official memorandum I found archived in Khartoum's Sudan Library. "An Arab is no better than a Persian, and the White is no better than the Black." Sudan's post-colonial leadership, however, rejected those calls. They chose to keep the English common law tradition as the law of the land. Why keep the laws of the oppressor?My research identifies three reasons why early Sudan sidelined Sharia: politics, pragmatism and demography.Rivalries between political parties in post-colonial Sudan led to parliamentary stalemate, which made it difficult to pass meaningful legislation. So Sudan simply maintained the colonial laws already on the books. There were practical reasons for maintaining English common law, too. Sudanese judges had been trained by British colonial officials. So they continued to apply English common law principles to the disputes they heard in their courtrooms. Sudan's founding fathers faced urgent challenges, such as creating the economy, establishing foreign trade and ending civil war. They felt it was simply not sensible to overhaul the rather smooth-running governance system in Khartoum.The continued use of colonial law after independence also reflected Sudan's ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity.Then, as now, Sudanese citizens spoke many languages and belonged to dozens of ethnic groups. At the time of Sudan's independence, people practicing Sunni and Sufi traditions of Islam lived largely in northern Sudan. Christianity was an important faith in southern Sudan. Sudan's diversity of faith communities meant that maintaining a foreign legal system – English common law – was less controversial than choosing whose version of Sharia to adopt. Why extremists triumphedMy research uncovers how today's instability across the Middle East and North Africa is, in part, a consequence of these post-colonial decisions to reject Sharia. In maintaining colonial legal systems, Sudan and other Muslim-majority countries that followed a similar path appeased Western world powers, which were pushing their former colonies toward secularism. But they avoided resolving tough questions about religious identity and the law. That created a disconnect between the people and their governments.In the long run, that disconnect helped fuel unrest among some citizens of deep faith, leading to sectarian calls to unite religion and the state once and for all. In Iran, Saudi Arabia and parts of Somalia and Nigeria, these interpretations triumphed, imposing extremist versions of Sharia over millions of people.In other words, Muslim-majority countries stunted the democratic potential of Sharia by rejecting it as a mainstream legal concept in the 1950s and 1960s, leaving Sharia in the hands of extremists.But there is no inherent tension between Sharia, human rights and the rule of law. Like any use of religion in politics, Sharia's application depends on who is using it – and why.Leaders of places like Saudi Arabia and Brunei have chosen to restrict women's freedom and minority rights. But many scholars of Islam and grassroots organizations interpret Sharia as a flexible, rights-oriented and equality-minded ethical order. Religion and the law worldwideReligion is woven into the legal fabric of many post-colonial nations, with varying consequences for democracy and stability.After its 1948 founding, Israel debated the role of Jewish law in Israeli society. Ultimately, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion and his allies opted for a mixed legal system that combined Jewish law with English common law. In Latin America, the Catholicism imposed by Spanish conquistadors underpins laws restricting abortion, divorce and gay rights.And throughout the 19th century, judges in the U.S. regularly invoked the legal maxim that "Christianity is part of the common law." Legislators still routinely invoke their Christian faith when supporting or opposing a given law. Political extremism and human rights abuses that occur in those places are rarely understood as inherent flaws of these religions. When it comes to Muslim-majority countries, however, Sharia takes the blame for regressive laws – not the people who pass those policies in the name of religion.Fundamentalism and violence, in other words, are a post-colonial problem – not a religious inevitability. For the Muslim world, finding a system of government that reflects Islamic values while promoting democracy will not be easy after more than 50 years of failed secular rule. But building peace may demand it.This article is republished from The Conversation, a nonprofit news site dedicated to sharing ideas from academic experts.Read more: * What Sharia means: 5 questions answered * How Islamic law can take on ISIS * Trump's travel ban is just one of many US policies that legalize discrimination against MuslimsMark Fathi Massoud has received fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the American Council of Learned Societies, the Andrew Mellon Foundation, Fulbright-Hays, and the University of California. Any views expressed here are the author's responsibility.
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The Ugly Consequences of Iran's Corrupt Governance
And what the United States can do about it.
Алюминий в чушках
Первичный алюминий А0 (технической чистоты) поставляется по ГОСТ 11069-2001.
Содержание алюминия не менее 99,70%.
Содержание других веществ:
кремний 0,15
железо 0,16
медь 0,01
марганец 0,03
магний 0,02
цинк 0,04
галлий 0,03
титан 0,01
прочие примеси не более 0,03 каждой в отдельности.
Слиток отмечается двумя черными вертикальными полосами.
Алюминий А0 поставляется чушками. Вес одной чушки: 14-16 килограмм. Чушки упаковываются в пачки, вес каждой пачки от 800 до 1000 кг. Купить алюминий А0 в чушках вы можете в компании "Алюминий" в чушках купить А7 алюминий от производителя. Минимальная партия поставки алюминия А0 от 20 тонн. По договоренности возможна поставка меньшего тоннажа, но не менее одной пачки слитков. Т. е. пачки не распаковываются.
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Jeyaraj and Fenix: Outrage mounts over deaths in Indian police custody
The two men died after allegedly being tortured in police custody, raising calls for justice.
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Hong Kongers march in silent protest against national security laws
The proposed national security laws were discussed by the National People's Congress Standing Committee on Sunday in Beijing at a three-day meeting.
Алюминиевая гранула
Алюминиевая гранула, фото из Instagram. Хэштеги: #производство, #алюминий, #гранула. Аккаунт: @alyuminiy_com
After yearlong fight, Missouri's lone abortion clinic gets its license renewed
That means the state's lone clinic is set to continue operating through at least 2021.
Уголок равнополочный является сегодня довольно популярным материалом. С ним взаимодействуют во многих отраслях. Это обусловлено отменными эксплуатационными данными изделий: он прочный и в то же время легкий. Поэтому их все чаще можно увидеть там, где невозможно применение его аналога из стали.
Помимо перечисленных характеристик, равнополочные уголки отличаются долговечностью, переносимостью воздействия как высоких, так и низких температур. Алюминиевый равнополочный уголок обладает высокой устойчивостью к коррозии, ультрафиолетовых лучей, химических жидкостей, кислот и влаги. При взаимодействии с воздухом на его поверхности возникает окисная пленка, которая играет роль барьера и увеличивает период его эксплуатации.
Также на уголки равнополочные может быть нанесено покрытие одним из методов:
- распыление полимерной порошковой краски;
- декорирование и ламинирование;
- анодирование (путем создания на поверхности алюминия оксидного слоя).
Разные составы цветовых решений позволяют вписать их в производственный цикл для производства шкафов-купе, гардеробных комнат и прочей домашней мебели. Вышеприведенные нюансы помогут оценить их особенности, анодированные равнополочные уголки пользуются популярностью у многих потребителей - организаций и частных лиц.
Еще одно достоинство заключается в том, что они без каких либо проблем поддаются практически любой механической обработке. Его можно сверлить, шлифовать и придавать ему разлиную форму. Для их скрепления используются саморезы.
Как делаются уголки равнополочные
Производство их, как правило, осуществляется экструзией или гибкой. В зависимости от технологии выделяют вот два типа:
- прессованные;
- гнутые.
При этом они могут поступать в продажу в исходном состоянии или подвергнутые одному из нескольких способов термообработки. Экструдируют их на мощных гидравлических прессах через формообразующий элемент - фильеру, или так называемую матрицу. Гнут на гибочных станках. Стоить отметить, что им свойственно иметь более десятков тысяч размеров. Наиболее маленьким считается размер 10х10х1 мм, его противоположность, габарит 200 мм шириной и 200 мм высотой.
И так, подведем итоги: сплошной профиль, гораздо надежнее поливинилхлорида и дерева, так как не боится температурных скачков, алюминию не страшны жара и морозы, он устойчив к негативным атмосферным проявлениям. Они, профили, не воспламеняются и не поддерживают процесс горения, не продуцируют токсинов даже в случае нагревании, что дает возможность использовать их в жилых помещениях. Они не выделяет в атмосферу ядовитых веществ, абсолютно безвредны для человека. И монтировать их - одно удовольствие, скажем так, достаточно просто. Кроме того, они просты в обслуживании. И самое главное, они отличаются доступной ценой.
Где купить алюминиевый равнополочный уголок оптом и в розницу?
В магазинах расположенных по адресам: магазин Алюминий Бережанская 9 Киев, магазин Алюминий Кокчетавская 12 Харьков или в интернет магазине https://kzask.ua/ugolokrav/, вы также можете купить алюминиевый равнополочный уголок по цене производителя.
Nicola Sturgeon urged by adviser to consider English visitor quarantine for 'zero-Covid Scotland'
Nicola Sturgeon should examine introducing quarantine for English visitors to Scotland if the number of coronavirus cases south of the Border rises, one of her most trusted advisers has said. Prof Devi Sridhar, who has played a key role in helping Ms Sturgeon formulate her Covid-19 strategy, said Scotland was trying to eliminate the virus but England's strategy was to "reopen as soon as possible" despite having up to 6,000 new daily cases. She predicted Scotland could eliminate coronavirus by the end of the summer if the decline in new cases continues. There were no more deaths reported in Scotland on Sunday, for the third day running.
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